I can think of three reasons why discretization might help in some problems.
It makes sense for your problem
Continuous variables such as age are better understood when discretized into meaningful groups: infants, youngsters, young adults, adults, senior, ... this is common in the field of marketing, because a small number of years do not really make much different in one person's interests.
To give another example, when working on a dataset with GPS locations, it might be more useful to discretize those into contry/state locations.
Interpretability
A continuous feature might not linearly correlate with your target but have a more complex non-linear correlation. In that case, obtaining an interpretable explanation of such feature won't be easy. However it you discretize it into a set of groups or levels, you might find that some of them correlate (or anticorrelate) with your target, giving you some interpretability.
Model limitations
Some machine learning models and feature selection methods can't handle continuous features, such as entropy-based methods, or some variants of decision trees or neural networks. Either you discretize your features or forget about using such models.