The Adam optimizer is often used for training neural networks; it typically avoids the need for hyperparameter search over parameters like the learning rate, etc. The Adam optimizer is an improvement on gradient descent.

I have a situation where I want to use projected gradient descent (see also here). Basically, instead of trying to minimize a function $f(x)$, I want to minimize $f(x)$ subject to the requirement that $x \ge 0$. Projected gradient descent works by clipping the value of $x$ after each iteration of gradient descent: each negative entry is replaced with 0, after each step.

Unfortunately, projected gradient descent seems to interact poorly with the Adam optimizer. I'm guessing that Adam's exponential moving average of the gradients gets messed up by the clipping. And plain projected gradient descent has hyperparameters that can be tuned.

Is there a version of Adam that can be used with projected gradient descent? I'm looking for a method that is an improvement on projected gradient descent, in the same way that Adam is an improvement on ordinary gradient descent (e.g., doesn't require hyperparameter tuning). Is there any such algorithm?

tl;dr: All gradient descent-based methods have an update rule similar to Adam's, so I think they'd all give you some grief. I don't know of any optimizers tailored to your application (but maybe you could invent one!)

According to this, Adam has four hyperparameters that typically don't require much tuning (although of course model hyperparameters will still need to be tuned, such as number of hidden units per layer, etc.)

• alpha. Also referred to as the learning rate or step size. The proportion that weights are updated (e.g. 0.001). Larger values (e.g. 0.3) results in faster initial learning before the rate is updated. Smaller values (e.g. 1.0E-5) slow learning right down during training
• beta1. The exponential decay rate for the first moment estimates (e.g. 0.9).
• beta2. The exponential decay rate for the second-moment estimates (e.g. 0.999). This value should be set close to 1.0 on problems with a sparse gradient (e.g. NLP and computer vision problems).
• epsilon. Is a very small number to prevent any division by zero in the implementation (e.g. 10E-8).

There are several other optimizers out there, such as AdaGrad and RMSprop. The idea from the 2015 paper on Adam was that by doing a combination of AdaGrad and RMSprop, you get a better optimizer (Adam).

The algorithm for Adam is explained in the 2015 paper (Algorithm 1). The exponential smoothing portion applies specifically to the (biased) estimates of the first and second moment. The only time your actual parameter value plays a role is in the calculation of the gradient, and then in the update.

In the update step (last part of the while loop in Algorithm 1), you perform this calculation:

x_t = x_{t-1} - alpha*(unbiased estimate of the first moment)/(sqrt(unbiased estimate of the second moment) + epsilon)

If you restrict x to be greater than or equal to 0, then if x_{t-1} ever becomes zero, you can no longer update (the subtraction of alpha*(stuff) would result in something less than 0, which you then clip to be 0, which means you'd get 0 as the result in each subsequent update step).

Maybe that's the source of the issue? If so, I would recommend restricting your entire parameter space to be above zero. That is, in your initializer, make sure the initial values are all positive (i.e. don't use Glorot/Xavier initialization, because you could get initial values less than 0, as this initializer is based on the Normal distribution).

• Essentially you're trying to do nonlinear optimization (based on a neural network) with linear constraints (x >= 0). So try looking for resources on "nonlinear optimization with linear constraints". – StatsSorceress Dec 9 '18 at 17:12