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I have trained a CNN using keras for Image classification with 3 classes. The results are bad and I'm trying to understand what the classifier has learnt and what it has not. It's only giving me an output of 1 class.

I have made changes to the learning rate, activation(relu, sigmoid and softmax for last layer), changed the architecture and the optimizer(SGD and Adam) but the training accuracy is stuck at ~33.33%. It's definitely not a coincidence because I only have 3 classes.

My present architecture is 

[Conv -> Relu -Conv -> Relu -> MAxPool] * 3 -> Flatten -> [Dense -> Relu] * 2 -> Dense -> Softmax

My first 2 conv layers have 64 filters of size (3, 3) and the remaining conv layers have 32 filters of the same size.

My Dense layer goes like this 128 units-> 64 units -> 3 units.

I started with a simple model and made it more complex to improve it. But there has been no improvement after any of these changes.

I have used two activations 'relu' and 'sigmoid' for experimental purposes. I'm thinking of only using sigmoid and softmax for the last layer.

I have ~13000 images to train and 1400 for validation. The distribution is almost equal among the 3 classes.

I was using this syntax to add the activation. The summary didn't show any activation layers. And my network wasn't improving.

classifier = Sequential()
    classifier.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), input_shape  = (256, 256, 3), activation = 'relu'))
    classifier.add(Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation = 'relu'))
    classifier.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (2,2)))

    _________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
conv2d_11 (Conv2D)           (None, 254, 254, 32)      896       
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_12 (Conv2D)           (None, 252, 252, 32)      9248      
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_6 (MaxPooling2 (None, 84, 84, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_13 (Conv2D)           (None, 82, 82, 32)        9248      
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_14 (Conv2D)           (None, 80, 80, 32)        9248      
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_7 (MaxPooling2 (None, 40, 40, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_15 (Conv2D)           (None, 38, 38, 32)        9248      
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_16 (Conv2D)           (None, 36, 36, 32)        9248      
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_8 (MaxPooling2 (None, 18, 18, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_1 (Flatten)          (None, 10368)             0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_6 (Dense)              (None, 128)               1327232   
_________________________________________________________________
dense_7 (Dense)              (None, 64)                8256      
_________________________________________________________________
dense_8 (Dense)              (None, 3)                 195       
=================================================================
Total params: 1,382,819
Trainable params: 1,382,819
Non-trainable params: 0

Edit: updated Network. But when I add Activation as a new Layer the architecture changes. And now my network seems to work.

classifier = Sequential()
classifier.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3), input_shape  = (256, 256, 3))
classifier.add(Activation('relu'))
classifier.add(Conv2D(64, (3, 3))
classifier.add(Activation('relu'))
classifier.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size = (2,2)))

Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
conv2d_13 (Conv2D)           (None, 254, 254, 32)      896       
_________________________________________________________________
activation_1 (Activation)    (None, 254, 254, 32)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_14 (Conv2D)           (None, 252, 252, 32)      9248      
_________________________________________________________________
activation_2 (Activation)    (None, 252, 252, 32)      0         
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_7 (MaxPooling2 (None, 84, 84, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_15 (Conv2D)           (None, 82, 82, 32)        9248      
_________________________________________________________________
activation_3 (Activation)    (None, 82, 82, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_16 (Conv2D)           (None, 80, 80, 32)        9248      
_________________________________________________________________
activation_4 (Activation)    (None, 80, 80, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_8 (MaxPooling2 (None, 40, 40, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
flatten_2 (Flatten)          (None, 51200)             0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_7 (Dense)              (None, 128)               6553728   
_________________________________________________________________
activation_5 (Activation)    (None, 128)               0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense_8 (Dense)              (None, 3)                 387       
_________________________________________________________________
activation_6 (Activation)    (None, 3)                 0         
=================================================================
Total params: 6,582,755
Trainable params: 6,582,755
Non-trainable params: 0

Directory structure:

Training_path
    -Label1 Folder
    -Label2 Folder
    -Label3 Folder

I think that was the problem in my network. That the argument activation wasn't working as expected and no activations were performed on the network input. What I don't understand is that both syntax's are equivalent(according to the documentation) and yet are producing different results.

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  • $\begingroup$ Do you have class imbalance in the input? For example, if there are 100 images, how many belong to each of the 3 classes? Since you've added a dense layer with size 3, model is trained for 3 classes. Add details about % of each output class in the data, that can give us some clue. $\endgroup$
    – hssay
    Aug 17, 2018 at 9:06
  • $\begingroup$ @hssay I'm sure there is no class imbalance. I'm training set has 6080 images and each class has 2000 images at least. $\endgroup$
    – Mohit Motwani
    Aug 17, 2018 at 9:27
  • $\begingroup$ Any other noteworthy symptom? Is the error going down with number of epochs? Is learning rate so low that network is not learning anything? Have you tried training with higher learning rates? $\endgroup$
    – hssay
    Aug 17, 2018 at 9:30
  • $\begingroup$ Actually there is definitely something weird with the model. I have added more conv layers and decreased the receptive field and no. of filters. Changed the optimizer to SGD too. What I have noticed is that the training accuracy gets stucks at 0.3334 after few epochs or right from the beginning(depends on which optimizer or the learning rate I'm using). So yeah, the model is not learning behind 33 percent accuracy. Tried learning rates: 0.01, 0.001, 0.0001 $\endgroup$
    – Mohit Motwani
    Aug 17, 2018 at 9:34
  • 1
    $\begingroup$ Okay, the data generator looks fine, the next thing you can do is visualize the predicted classification, here is a link to the blog that contains code to do the same : medium.com/@kylepob61392/… Scroll down to model evaluation. Also make sure once the data in the folders, if they have been appropriately grouped into the subfolders. $\endgroup$
    – Nischal Hp
    Aug 17, 2018 at 11:38

2 Answers 2

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So there were two problems:

  1. When I tried to add the activations as a parameter Conv2d( activation = 'relu'), my activation layers were not added as displayed in the summary in my question. But by usingadd(Activation('relu'))`, it worked as shown in the question.
  2. But that didn't solve the problem. I used learning rates of 0.01, 0.007, 0.005 which showed good training and validation accuracies for few epochs but plummeted to 33.33 again so probably overshooting. So I used a much lower learning rates of 0.0001, which worked pretty well.
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I faced a similar issue. One-hot encoding the target variable using nputils in Keras, solved the issue of accuracy and validation loss being stuck. Using weights for balancing the target classes further improved performance.

y_train_temp = y_train.copy()
y_val_temp = y_val.copy()
from keras.utils.np.utils import to_categorical
y_train = to_categorical(y_train)
y_val = to_categorical(y_val)
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