# Training a classifier when some of the features are unknown

I am training a classifier in Matlab with a dataset that I created. Unfortunately some of the features in the dataset were not recorded.

I currently have the unknown features set as -99999.

So, for example my dataset looks something like this:

class1: 10 1 12 -99999 6 8
class1: 11 2 13 7 6 10
...
class2: 5 -99999 4 3 2 -99999
class2: -99999 16 4 3 1 8
...
class3: 18 2 11 22 7 5
class3: 19 1 9 25 7 5
...


and so on, where the -99999 are the places where the features werent able to be measured. In this case, each class has 6 features.

I don't want to bias my classifier with the unknown features so I thought it would be a good idea to set the unknowns to -99999 so it would be way out of the range of normal features.

I tested the classifier with the -99999's and it was 78% accurate. Then I changed the -99999 to 0's and tested the classifier again, this time it was 91% accurate.

So my question is, what is a general rule for training a classifier when some of the features were not recorded? Was I right to assume setting the unknowns to a very high negative value? But why was it more accurate when I set the unknowns to 0s?

Welcome to Data Science SE!

Well, we say that most of our jobs is to wrangle with data, and that is because data is usually trying to deceive us... jokes aside:

You have a missing data problem

that means your have to clean your data and fill those missing values. To perform this cleaning process your must take the most classic statistician inside of you and ask:

• Why is this data missing?
• How much data is missing?

There are many reasons for a specific information to be unavailable. This will demand you to make assumptions and decide how to deal with this.

Jeff Sauro posted at MeasuringU: 7 Ways to Handle Missing Data, some which I list here:

• Delete corrupted samples:

If you have a large dataset and there is not much data missing, you can simply remove those corrupted data points and go on with life

• Recover the values:

Some problems will allow you to go back and get missing information.

We usually ain't that lucky, then you can

• Educated Guessing:

Sometimes, you can infer what would be the feature value by simply looking their pears. That is a bit arbitrary but it might work.

• Average:

This is the most common approach, simply use the average of that value whenever it is missing. This might artificially reduce your variance but so does using 0 or -9999... for every missing value.

• Regression Substitution:

You can use a multiple regression to infer the missing value from the available values for each candidate.

Some references on missing data are:

• Allison, Paul D. 2001. Missing Data. Sage University Papers Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Thousand Oaks: Sage.
• Enders, Craig. 2010. Applied Missing Data Analysis. Guilford Press: New York.
• Little, Roderick J., Donald Rubin. 2002. Statistical Analysis with Missing Data. John Wiley & Sons, Inc: Hoboken.
• Schafer, Joseph L., John W. Graham. 2002. “Missing Data: Our View of the State of the Art.” Psychological Methods.

Adding -99... is creating outliers and that bit of information is heavy (numerically speaking, it is huge) and will affect parameter tuning. For example, suppose you have this data:

| Feature1 | Feature2 |
|----------|----------|
| 0        | 8        |
| -1       | 7        |
| 1        | -        |
| -        | 8        |


And you try filling the missing values with -99, now try to fit a linear regression trough the data. Can you see that you don't be able to fit it properly?

The line won't fit, and this will yield bad performance.

Adding 0 values on the other hand will give a slightly better line:

It is still not good, but slightly better since the scale of the parameters will be more realistic.

Now, using average, is this case will give you even better curve, but using regression will give you a perfect fitting line:

Note: I need to remake those images, but these should do until I have the time for it.

• Excellent explanation. Also, just adding to it, I think the best thing to do in data science is to play with missing data. You can (and should) check out Multiple Imputation, this is the state of the art process to deal with missing data. – jeff Apr 15 '19 at 7:20